Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common forms of arthritis and primarily affects the joints. It occurs when the tissues within a joint gradually change over time, which can lead to pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced movement.

Although osteoarthritis is more common as people get older, it can affect people at different stages of life. Understanding the symptoms, risk factors, and available management options can help people take appropriate steps to protect their joint health.

What Is Osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis is a long-term joint condition that commonly affects the knees, hips, hands, spine, and other weight-bearing joints.

Joints contain several structures that work together to allow smooth movement. Changes to cartilage and other joint tissues can gradually affect how the joint functions, resulting in discomfort and stiffness.

Osteoarthritis can range from mild symptoms to more persistent problems that interfere with everyday activities.

Common Symptoms of Osteoarthritis

The symptoms of osteoarthritis can vary depending on the joint affected and the severity of the condition.

Common symptoms include:

  • Joint pain, particularly during or after movement
  • Stiffness, especially after periods of inactivity
  • Swelling or tenderness around an affected joint
  • Reduced range of motion
  • A feeling of grating or cracking when moving the joint
  • Difficulty performing activities that require movement of the affected joint

If joint pain or stiffness persists, it is important to seek appropriate medical evaluation rather than assuming it is simply a normal part of ageing.

What Causes Osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis develops through changes in the tissues of a joint over time. There is not always one single cause.

Several factors can contribute to the development of osteoarthritis, including:

1. Age

The likelihood of developing osteoarthritis generally increases with age because joints undergo changes over time.

2. Previous Joint Injuries

An injury to a joint, including an injury sustained during sports or an accident, may increase the risk of developing osteoarthritis later.

3. Repetitive Joint Stress

Activities or occupations that repeatedly place significant stress on particular joints may contribute to joint problems.

4. Family History

Some people may have a greater tendency to develop osteoarthritis because of genetic factors.

5. Other Joint Conditions

Certain diseases or abnormalities affecting the joints can increase the likelihood of osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis Risk Factors

Some factors that may increase the risk of osteoarthritis include:

  • Increasing age
  • Previous joint injuries
  • Repetitive stress on joints
  • Family history of osteoarthritis
  • Certain joint abnormalities
  • Excess body weight, which can increase mechanical stress on weight-bearing joints